The Korean Campaign Advances

After the debacle on the beaches, a second Japanese fleet was deployed on the map, and the two Japanese fleets transported an army each to Gyeonsung province left and Gyeonsung province right. Incidentally, in case you are wondering, the left and right designation are of the provinces as seen from Seoul, on on the map Gyeonsung Left is to the right. Confused?

The Korean army in Gyeonsung Left passed its initiative roll, but did not beat the incoming imitative of JA2, and so could not meet the Japanese on the beach. Therefore a battle inland between the slightly reduced KA1, which was a base of cavalry down, and the full strength JA2 was decided upon.

The Koreans are to the left above, with their infantry aiming to block the crossing of the stream and the cavalry to oppose the Japanese who were already across it. I confess I totally messed up the Japanese deployment. I meant to have the left as the Ashigaru yari-armed heavy infantry, but instead plonked down the missile (arquebus and bow) troops instead, leaving the Samurai and Ashigaru heavies on the far side of the stream. The plan had been to shoot a hole in the Koreans to get the Samurai heavies across the stream, while the Ashigaru heavies held off the Korean cavalry.

It got, shall we say, complicated. Above you can see the Japanese heavy troops approaching the stream, with Korean missile troops opposing them. In the foreground you can see that the Japanese shooters, plus one base of Ashigaru heavy troops, are causing the Korean cavalry some difficulty. They have struggled to charge because of the presence of the heavy blade troops, but are getting shot to bits by some lucky Japanese shooting. Some of the Korean cavalry did eventually manage to close in, but the charge was ill-coordinated and the remaining base found itself held and heavily outnumbered.

The Korean cavalry base in contact soon fled, but on the far side you can see the Korean infantry is having a successful time in delaying the Samurai heavy foot. The Ashigaru are closing in to cross the stream, something which they, in fact, struggled to do. It got a bit worse after they struggled to cross the stream, as well.

You might have noticed in the previous shot the Korean cavalry base under direct command of the general. This was withdrawn from the action on the Korean right (nearest the camera) and charged the Ashigaru heavy foot as they attempted, for the second time, to cross the stream. This was too much for the Ashigaru, who promptly fled, taking their supporting Samurai heavy foot with them. Pursued by the Korean cavalry, as you can see above.

On the Korean right flank a confusing infantry fight developed, with casualties on both sides. The Japanese had the advantage of their general in this action, as he could direct one of the bases at whim, to wit, in this case, onto the flank of Korean foot. Mind you, the Koreans also did the same to Japanese foot, resulting in losses, but the Japanese just about prevailed, and a poor morale roll saw the Korean army flee.

My notes for the battle declare this one to have been a tough fight. The Koreans lost a cavalry, two shot and a spear unit, while the Japanese lost a Samurai blade, and Ashigaru blade and an Ashigaru shot base. It was pretty close, and the Korean dice deserted them at a critical point.

The lesson so far from the campaign is that I probably need more Japanese cavalry. Korea was not, in fact, good cavalry country, being hilly, but the relatively low numbers of Korean cavalry present are causing the Japanese all sorts of problems, although their tactics in this game rather blunted the potency of the horse.

Strategically, of course, what has happened, due to the loss of KA1, is that the road to Seoul is open, and it is down to KA2 to stop the advance. However, JA2 is a bit low on strength for the moment, and I suppose I should reinforce it with the remains of JA1 defeated on the beaches last game. There is also the question of the Korean fleet to consider, and whether it will intervene.

So a good, tense, close game, and the campaign, after a stuttering start, is now well underway.

The Governor’s Treasure

‘Why don’t you have a bigger battle? I’ve not seen your sandy cloth out for a while?’

Wargame spouses, for the above quote was from the Estimable Mrs P., have a lot of responsibility for what happens on the table. After that, what could I do but think of some sort of scenario to put on the table, using the full length and my desert sand cloth.

For some reason, my thoughts turned to the British activity in Tangier in the later part of the 17^th Century. Now, from my days as a younger, more foolish (and, apparently, much richer) wargamer, I do have a bunch of North African troops from the period, craftily assembled from various ranges by Irregular. Of course, I do not have any suitable post-Restoration British (actually, that is not true. I do have a few, but insufficient), but I reckoned that I could assemble something from the ECW troops that would look the part, sort of, at least.

So, a scenario. Having just started the Japanese in Korea stuff, I was not really looking to a new campaign but needed something to get the armies moving with a purpose. By means that I cannot describe, a scenario was invented.

The British governor of Tangier (or somewhere close by) has been waiting supplies and some civilian guests arriving by sea on the frigate We Are Loyal to the King, Honest, recently renamed to that from Speaker. Unfortunately, the frigate has run aground half a day’s march from the port on an uncharted sand bar. In order to try to refloat the vessel, the cargo and passengers, as well as some guns, have been unloaded. This has aroused the interest of the locals, who are lurking to both defeat the British intruders and grab the loot. As the passengers include the governor’s ‘niece’, he has a very personal reason to rescue them.

The picture shows the set-up. In the far distance is the port, with fortifications, from where the governor and his men will sally forth. In the left foreground is the ship with a landing party, some naval guns, stores and the civilians offloaded,. The guns are behind some temporary fortifications. The playing cards you can see around are potential ambushes, in or behind woods, behind hills and rough going. The mosque in the middle distance is on a hill, and there is a hill in the far distance on the right.

This was a bigger scenario than I am used to. 25 British bases faced 26 Moorish. The former had 12 bases of foot, 8 of horse, two dragoons, 2 guns and the naval landing party. The Moors had 10 tribal foot, 7 cavalry, 3 Janissary shot and 7 light cavalry. On the table, the Hearts playing cards were keyed to the forces. These would be turned up either by the British gaining line of sight or getting within 3 base widths of the stack of cards, or could be revealed by the Moorish general if he wished, at the cost of a tempo point. Each side also had 2 generals, as previous experience with armies of 20+ bases suggests that the extra command is necessary.

This was quite a complex action, and I cannot do a blow by blow account of it. The British used a base of dragoons to ‘spring’ the first ambush at the hill, which was of light and heavy cavalry, and a complicated action ensued with some British horse and foot mixing it with the Moors there. Meanwhile the rest of the British emerged from the port and headed along the road, deploying as opposition mounted as more ambushes were revealed.

I thought I had learnt from the Spanish problems with the Romans a few games ago, in a similar situation. The tribal foot in the wood on the right of the picture are in trouble and I have tried to withdraw them. One base is getting away, the other in under heavy fire from the British foot there. Meanwhile the horse face each other off, while the British infantry advance astride to road. I had thought that if I were the Moorish general, I would defend the mosque complex the most strongly. That is, indeed, what the cards revealed.

However, it all went a bit pear-shaped for the Moors before the ambush at the mosque could be triggered. On the Moorish left the British infantry and cavalry combined to beat the tribal foot in the wood. The Moorish cavalry charged, broke through the British infantry but were stopped and routed by the cavalry. The Moorish light horse could only pick away at the advancing British, while the firefight between the Janissaries and British foot was indecisive. What was decisive was British cavalry, under the governor himself, infiltrating along the shore and then taking the Moorish infantry at the Mosque in flank and routing them. With that the Moorish army ran away, leaving the British in peace to collect their supplies, refloat the frigate and, of course, observe the joyful reunion between the governor and his niece.

The picture shows the final positions. To the top left you can see the governor and his victorious cavalry. Next to them, the Janissaries are coming under pressure, while in the foreground the Moorish light cavalry are forming a semblance of a wing against the advancing British.

That was quite a lot of fun. The card system for the ambush worked well, and the scenario seemed quite nicely balanced. The charge of the Moorish horse on their left was a bit desperate. I had made a mistake with the rest of their cavalry earlier, and they had wandered into the line of fire of the advancing British infantry and cavalry on the road, with disastrous consequences. The Moors were really on the back foot then.

The other thing I could have tried was revealing the ambushes nearer the ship sooner, and attacking the gun and landing party. These cards revealed 4 bases of tribal foot, so it might have worked against a gun and a tribal foot equivalent naval landing party, it might not. But the British could probably have got cavalry there if they had been desperate enough.

It was a nice game, played out over three sessions. The only problem is that now I am wondering about a ‘proper’ Restoration army.

Fighting on the Beaches

Those of you who follow me in another place, or even those of you who have kept awake long enough here to read the posts here and here, will know that something Far Eastern and naval is brewing. Well, sort of. In a flurry of ‘I can’t possibly do that’ the whole of the invasion of Korea was dismissed as being impossible, the overblown concept of a tired and hyperactive wargaming mind. A much smaller campaign was envisaged, with the Channel Islands as the map.

However, megalomania will out. The whole project was delayed while I assembled and painted a Chinese fleet. I confess, as, again, followers of Facebook will know, that assembling the ships was a task the likes of which I do not intend to attempt again (I say that with every naval project). Still, they are done but, critically, I started to read Kenneth Swope’s book on the invasion. A full review of the work will follow (promise) but my eye lighted on a map of the eight provinces of Choson Korea.

My wargamer synapse twinged a bit at that. Obviously, my subconscious was ringing bells and waving flags. It looked rather familiar, and I was not quite sure why. Eventually, I twigged. I could use my Machiavelli rules ideas in this different context. Hmmm….

A bit of Googling and some manipulation of a map landed me up with this.

This is a slightly redrawn map of Korea in 1592, pinched off the Internet with extra bits drawn on by yours truly. If you look really closely you can see vertical lines from the printer, which has still not quite recovered from its sojourn in the wargames room while recarpeting operations were in progress. The extra bits I added were the sea regions and the border between the Ming Chinese and the Jurchen (who, united, will become the Manchus shortly.).

I also bunged in a staging zone for the Japanese forces. Historically, Tsushima was the final jumping off point for the Japanese forces, with other islands behind them back to mainland Japan. Rather than laboriously add these to the map, I just put in a staging area, coloured it a fetching shade of red, and called the job a good one.

As the assiduous reader of the blog will know, I have had a few ventures into the Japanese Invasion of Korea. I have three small Japanese armies, a Korean army and some Ming Chinese, as well as sufficient Mongol types to make up a Jurchen army if required. I thus already have Japanese commanders – Clemmy, Mango, Satty, and Tango. Tango got command of the fleet, and the other three got armies. There is also, on the map, two Korean armies and a fleet, with a Ming army and fleet, and a Jurchen army, inactive in the north. I need to work out what activates them.

April 1592 proved to be a damp squib, as the Japanese fleet failed it initiative roll. May was a bit better, with the Japanese fleet setting forth on a critical initiative roll, followed by a successful initiative from Clemmy with army 1 (JA1). JA1 was therefore transported to left Gyeongsang province, near Daegi. The Korean army in right Gyeongsang province managed to react, again on a critical initiative roll and, in my reckoning, got to a defensive position to block Clemmy. Here we go, first battle.

The Japanese fleet is, evidently, to the right. The dice rolling for terrain did not favour the invaders. Aside from the village on the coast, a river bisected the board lengthways, and two streams added to the defensive capability across the battlefield. Not only that, but the Koreans are drawn up on substantial high ground. This was going to be tough for Clemmy, I though.

Japanese dice rolling did them no favours, either. The first initiative roll gave them precisely no tempo points to get their landing boats away, and so the general set out, alone. This was to dog them throughout the game, as they could just not get their landings coordinated.

The picture shows the problem compounded by the Koreans having sent their cavalry forward to fight on the beaches. On the right you can see Clemmy and his first landers struggling against the might of Korea and coming off distinctly second best. To their left another newly landed base of Samurai is not supporting them nor drawing off their foes. Further left stillmore troops are arriving but are also threatened by Korean cavalry. In the centre you can see a puff of smoke. This was where the Korean rockets hit some incoming boats and destroyed them – this required a roll of six and then a six-one result on the combat dice. I told you it was not the Japanese’s day.

It did not really get any better for Clemmy, or Tango when he arrived to take over command after Clemmy bit the sand. More Japanese arrived to be overwhelmed by Korean cavalry. Even two organised bases of Samurai lost when they advanced into the Korean horse on the left, on what should have been even rolls the Samurai lost one base and had the other driven back. The only slight glimmer of hope was when an Asigaru base managed to dispose of a Korean cavalry base in the centre, but it was small compensation.

Japanese casualties were mounting, and it was evident that it was unlikely to be turned around. Before Tango could give the decision to withdraw, however, more casualties on the left took it out of his hands. The Japanese lost seven bases, mostly Samurai, and a general (Clemmy), plus a bow unit abandoned on the beach. I am not sure whether Clemmy survived or not at this point, but his army has been pretty well destroyed.

As I mentioned above, lack of coordination was a problem with this, plus the Korean willingness to get stuck in on the beach before the invaders had time to organise. Coupled with some dismal Japanese dice rolling at critical points (and some fluky Korean rolls) and the combat could appear to be a bit one sided.

As it is, one Japanese army is destroyed, or nearly so. In a one off game, or a campaign where that was the only invading army, the game would be over. As it is, I need to be a bit more careful, and the Japanese a bit luckier, with the next landing effort.

Another Marathon

Recently I was feeling the need to play a wargame. Endless painting and my frustration with the Chinese navy (or at least glueing the masts in place so they are straight and do not wobble) had made my wargamer edge a bit blunted, so a battle was required.

The first question was ‘What?’. I do not really have a campaign going at the moment – the Japanese invasion of Korea is in the offing, but not ready yet – and so it needed to be a one-off action. Taking my own advice (yes, in that book) I needed a simple, low-stress wargame. After some thought, rejecting the ECW and a Romans versus Celts bash, I rewound right back to Marathon.

I am sure Marathon needs no introduction to most wargamers. It is probably one of the most famous battles of the ancient world, and has been immortalised in story and song ever since, or at least, up until World War One when the world which looked back to classical Greek civilisation collapsed, at least according to some accounts.

Anyway, Marathin is not a complicated battle. The Athenians and their allies lined up at one end, the Persians at the other. The contest is between the Persian archery and the Greek prowess in close combat (plus their armour). There is not much room for manoeuvre. The only real question is about the presence and role (if any) of the Persian cavalry.

Anyway, I have, according to my record, run five Marathons previously, and each time I have increased the number of Persian infantry, following Phil Sabin’s suggestion in Lost Battles. It has to be said that each time the Persians have lost, and so I am not at a break-even point yet.

This time the Persians had 28 bases, two of cavalry and the rest of infantry. Charles Grant’s write-up of Marathon from years ago suggested that the Persians might have had some Ionian Greek hoplites in their lineup, but I ignored that here, although I have used them before. He also added some Greek skirmisher javelins, but again I did not use them. The Athenians and allies have 20 bases, so the Persians are getting towards a healthy numerical advantage.

As I said, the setup is simple. The Greeks are to the left, with their doubled wings and slightly denuded centre. In the original, the Greek wings beat the Persians and then turned in. The Persians have matched the frontage of the Greeks with a double line of infantry, with a couple of bases in reserve, and the cavalry on the far right of the picture. At the top is a line of steep hills and nearest the camera, obviously, is the sea. There really is not much room to manoeuvre.

The trick, it seems to me, for the Persians is to break up the Greek formation with archery, so they can get the overlaps when in contact. This is quite hard to achieve as the dice rolls are matched, but it is not impossible. The Greeks just need to get into contact as quickly as possible and rely on their depth and advantage of advancing to give them the edge.

In the game the Greeks advanced, although their centre was slow to get going. The above picture shows them just in bow range, and the Persian arrows have achieved some minor damage. This will take the Greeks some tempo points and some general time to fix, but nothing too serious.

The first clash was not very clear-cut. On the Greek left there was some delay caused by Persian bow fire. I also allowed the Persian infantry to move back half a move to suggest that they would try to extend the time they had to cause damage. I do not know if this is justified, but I am trying to find out how the Persians can win this. The Greek centre is also delayed slightly, but this does not matter as they were not supposed to be the battle winners. On the Greek right, nearest the camera, the furthest left block has been hit by bow fire, while the next one towards us was previously delayed, The next hoplite block has successfully driven back their foes, who are in trouble. Nearest the camera it is the Greeks who are in trouble, having been defeated in close combat and then hit hard by bow fire. Lucky dice rolls, of course, but it does hint at the possible.

A move or two later and it is starting to go pear-shaped for the Persians. On the Greek left (top), aside from one bounce, they have lost two bases routed and the other two sets of infantry are in trouble. On the Greek right the leftmost bases have hit home and routed their opponents. The only Persian success has been routing the Greeks nearest the sea. The Persian morale has started to wobble, understandably.

The end came a move or two later, as seen above. On the Greek left (top) the Persian infantry has fled, except for one brake block still peppering their foes with arrows. On the upside, the Persian cavalry charged home against the inmost hoplite block and routed it, fortunately for the Greeks not taking the attached general with them.

On the Greek right the block attached to the general has turned in and taken the leftmost Persian infantry of the centre in flank. I discovered a lacunae in my rules at this point, as it did not say what happened if the troops were recoiled from that onto another base of friendly troops. I invented the best possible outcome for the Persians, so they simply shuffled back a bit. But at this point, having lost 12 bases, Persian morale collapsed and the army routed. That said, Greek morale also was wobbly after the cavalry attack and they got a fallback result, so there was no pursuit.

So another victory for the hoplite over the hordes of the East. The Persians did get lucky to cause the damage which they did cause, but it must be possible to beat the Greeks somehow. Actually, the extra Persian infantry used as a reserve did not really contribute much, so there may be a need for more pondering there.

Still a good, fun and quite quick wargame, and I feel the better for it. Now, back to the Chinese fleet...

Dreamers and Rivet Counters

Every once in a while I read a book that makes me think ‘Hmm…’ and wonder about its wider application. I might be a bit late to the party on this particular volume, but it has made me reflect as just noted. The book is:

McGilchrist, I., The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (New Haven, Yale, 2019).

The book was first published in paperback in 2010, it seems, but I have only recently become aware of it. It is not a work about wargaming, it has to be said, but it does have some interesting things to say, perhaps, about how we wargame and the diversity of wargamers.

The basic premise of the work, backed up by more scientific data on neurophysiology and psychology than you can shake a stick at, is that the human brain is divided into two hemispheres and that they have rather different takes on the world. The left hemisphere deals with detail, grasps the world, and manipulates it. It is also responsible for a lot of language, although not all, and tends to continue with its own world, rather than take much account of context and what is going on around it.

The right hemisphere, by contrast, is open to the world, to the new, to context and innovation. It handles metaphor, in terms of language, and aims to integrate experience into a bigger picture, one that has depth and perspective. McGilchrist traces these tendencies over the centuries, from evolutionary traces such as the origins of language and music to the Enlightenment and scientific revolution.

The point he is trying to make, insofar as there is one point, is that over the centuries since the Enlightenment the left hemisphere, that of detail and lack of a bigger picture, has slowly taken over dominance. There have been a few hiccoughs along the way, of course, such as the Romantic movement of the early Nineteenth Century but, broadly speaking, the Western world is mostly left hemisphere in its thinking now. Science has made such progress that its method, reductionism, is king.

In reductionism, we break things down into their smallest components and try to understand them. This is not a bad thing in itself, but it does have the unwelcome consequence, in my view, of dismissing anything which is emergent as ‘nothing but’ something else. Hence, for example, ice is nothing but dihydrogen oxide in a certain arrangement. Any other description of ice is simply adorned language and is to be, if not dismissed, then taken with a certain pinch of salt. It is poetry and not science.

That is true, as far as it goes, but in fact, in human terms, what can matter is the poetry, rather than the science. We do not necessarily act on scientific fact. We might even say that we cannot, because we do not know enough about the world. We could ask the scientist who believes only in scientific fact to conduct an experiment to prove that his wife loves him. If he does so, in my view, he may well find that she does not, at least now.

So, to wargaming. You might have wondered what the relevance of all this to wargaming is, and I have been pondering that too. Wargaming is a fairly recent phenomenon, at least in its more popular, more democratic form. Hence it is probably subject to the hemisphere interactions (or lack of them) described above. That is, we, as wargamers, do detail and grasp objects in the world as tools to manipulate that world. Hence the ‘rivet counters’ of the title. At some level we want to determine the muzzle velocity of a Brown Bess musket, or the speed and maneuverability of a FW 190, or whatever. We try to reduce such things to numbers and manipulate the numbers to our advantage. This all seems fairly left-hemisphere-located stuff.

When it comes to the wargame itself we have a slightly different situation. We have to look at the wider picture and integrate. If I believe that my squadron of King Tiger tanks will win the wargame all on their own, I could well be wrong, especially when I encounter an opponent wielding a combined arms force with infantry, anti-tank guns, and their own tanks. The bigger picture, courtesy of the right hemisphere, matters here.

We also have to make things up in wargaming. I have mentioned this before, but history does not deliver all the things that we, as wargamers, would like to know. The left brain is quite good at making assumptions and filling in gaps, but it tends to do so to its own advantage. Thus, for example, a squadron of unknown German tanks is more likely to be represented as Tigers or Panthers rather than Pz 38(t), I suspect. The right brain can more easily dismiss such ideas as fantasy, and bring the projection down to earth by suggesting Pz IIIs for example.

Overall, of course, the idea is that the two hemispheres interact to give as full a picture as they can. In fact, the way they do this is to inhibit each other. The right hemisphere takes in the world and presents it to the left. The left hemisphere works on that and represents its results to the right, which then reintegrates it with the world. Both hemispheres dismiss irrelevant and perhaps silly ideas from the other, focussing on what they find to be important. The problem is that if the left hemisphere becomes supreme, as McGilchrist argues it has, then balance is lost and we are at the mercy of the left hemisphere and its delusions, which do not attach to the world in any particularly meaningful way.

Wargaming, then, as life, demands a balance between the two views. We cannot just count the rivets on a tank and think that our wargaming job is done. On the other hand, we cannot simply keep focus on the big picture ignoring what is happening at the level of detail. But sometimes, it seems to me, we do focus too much on, say, the capability of a particular weapon system at the expense of how, in fact, it was used in conjunction with others.  

The Reign of Elizabeth I

Those of you who read my notes in another place will be aware that I recently finished this book:

Levin, C., The Reign of Elizabeth I (Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2002).

It goes along with my interest in the Elizabethan age generally, of course, and seems to be at about the level of an undergraduate textbook, to my untutored eye. I really got it because of the chapter on the problems of the Succession to Elizabeth. Obviously, she had no children and for a considerable chunk of the reign the heir presumptive was Mary, Queen of Scots, her cousin, a Catholic, and a former Queen of France.

The first chapter is an overview of Elizabeth’s reign. It describes her birth, the difficulties she had under her sister’s reign, and then her own accession to the throne. It then discusses the problems facing Elizabeth concerning religion, foreign policy (including, of course, Scotland), her own future marriage, and, as mentioned, the succession.

There were problems in all areas. The country was more or less conforming Roman Catholic at Elizabeth’s accession. Her own religious persuasion is a little difficult to discern, no doubt deliberately. After all, she kept William Byrd, an avowed Catholic, in the Chapel Royal. On the other hand, Levin notes that while the bulk of the country followed Catholic rites, they did not see why they should be ruled by the Pope. On the other hand, Elizabeth wanted to be Queen of all the English and so needed to carry the bulk of the nation, at least, with her.

The religious settlement of the early part of Elizabeth’s reign can be considered, I think, something of an enduring monument to her, although the current form of Anglicanism owes quite a lot to the next century. Be that as it may, she did carry many people with her into a new sort of church, not Catholic but not entirely Calvinist either. This, of course, upset some people at both ends of the spectrum. The Catholics were dangerous in the earlier part of the reign, due to foreign links and meddling (the Spanish ambassadors in particular), assorted religious crises and massacres in France, and, of course, the advent of Mary, Queen of Scots after she fled from Scotland in the 1560s.

These strands all came together in the 1570s and 1580s with Elizabeth’s excommunication, the Ridolfi plot, the rising of the northern earls (1569), the Throckmorton plot, and so on, down to the Armada. Some of the plots, at least, were thoroughly penetrated by Walsingham’s agents, and there is some doubt as to whether they really existed aside from the government. Others, however, were highly dangerous.

Foreign policy was tricky, of course. Elizabeth wanted to support her co-religionists in Europe – the Huguenots in France and the Dutch, in rebellion against the Spanish. There was also the issue of Ireland, regarded as a back door for the Spanish into England, and Scotland. Elizabeth was, on the whole, fairly pacific, regarding warfare as wasteful of both money and lives. However, the policy of keeping England safe and free was paramount and, of course, culminated in the 1588 Armada. Whether the Armada could have succeeded is a question for another day – the money is on ‘possibly’ at the moment, but English foreign policy was, in the main, defensive.

The execution of Mary Queen of Scots and the failure of the Armada stopped neither plots nor warfare. In fact, the wars got worse (and more expensive) during the 1590s, with further rebellions in Ireland and English interventions in France and the Low Countries. There were also, as I am sure my reader will know, further attempts at Armadas, aimed either at England, Ireland, or the Netherlands. These were defeated by the weather, but English countermeasures were not much more successful. The burden of war taxation, impressment for foreign service, and a series of poor harvests in the 1590s rather tarnished the end of the reign. Levin observes that if Elizabeth had died 15 years before she actually did, her reign would be one of unparalleled success and embellishment. As it was the wars thrust upon her, and, perhaps, the feeling of the age coming to an end with an elderly monarch, made the country rather restive and parliament rather less cooperative.

Still, we should not forget that at the end of the reign, there were spectacular cultural achievements as rarely befall a country in any age. The start of Shakespeare’s career is, of course, the jewel in the crown, but he did not drop out of nowhere. The systems of plays and theatres, and theatre-going for most people (even the relatively poor could afford to go to a play every once in a while) meant that Shakespeare stepped into an already flourishing scene. It just so happened that he was a genius.

It probably also helped that England’s view of the world was widening. The voyages of discovery and increased sailing activity beyond home waters brought stories of the exotic, the foreign, and, on occasion, the downright weird. This had the consequence of widening England’s cultural field, although it was distinctly shaded by racism. Thus Shakespeare can, through Othello, both play to the expectation of the behaviour of a Moor (any person of colour seems to have been classified as a Moor) and also break it. We have a similar situation with Jews, of course, such as Shylock and the case of Elizabeth’s physician, Roderigo Lopez, of Portuguese Jewish extract, who was accused of attempting to poison her.

England was not a multicultural country at the time. In 1601 Elizabeth issued a decree banning Blackamoors from the country. They were, it seems, coming over and living of poor relief, as well as being infidels. She appointed Captain Caspar van Zenden of Lubeck to transport them out of the country (p. 120-1). Given more recent events in the UK regarding immigration, we can see that, perhaps, some things do not change.

Overall, a very useful book as a short introduction to the reign of Elizabeth I. While the actual warfare content might be a bit limited, for those who want their drums and trumpets, there is a lot in it, not least about the plots around Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s. These are surely worthy of a role-playing or skirmish game series. I mentioned that on Facebook and someone commented that I should sharpen my quill. Perhaps. Perhaps….

Moral Combat

There are some books that are an easy read, and there are some which are much harder. There are some whose subject matter is trivial and banal, and some whose subject matter is so horrific and important that the reader is impelled, perhaps by some sort of sense of justice or moral outrage to continue, no matter what the consequences for their own well-being may be.

One example of the latter, for me, at least, is this:

Burleigh, M., Moral Combat: A History of World War II (London, Harper Collins, 2010).

Those of you who are avid readers of my Facebook page will realise that it has taken me a while to read this. I started on 9^th May (albeit this year) and finished on the 23^rd July. Granted it is a big book: 560 pages or thereabouts, but I discovered that I really could not read a great deal at a time. I have, in recent days, put in some effort to finish it. On the other hand, as hinted above, it is not really the sort of book that you can simply stop reading and put into a cast-off pile.

What you do not get is a military history of World War II, nor a history of the Nazis or anything similar. As the author notes, there are plenty of those around anyway. What you do get is a discussion, with plenty of examples, some more gruesome than others, of the sorts of actions and considerations that the players had to make before and during the war. It is not a pretty read.

On the whole, the Western allies come out of it fairly well, although not scot-free, as you would expect. There are questions, in the book, what, if anything, they could have done, for example, to prevent or disrupt the Holocaust. In some senses, this was a non-question. Diversion of resources to attempt to bomb, say, the railway lines to Auschwitz would probably have been a waste of time and lives. The resources, in Burleigh’s view, were quite correctly retained by the effort to win the war as quickly as possible.

Furthermore, he notes, that Stalin was not in the mood to cooperate. He was reluctant to permit Western bombers to land on Russian territory to refuel anyway, and the concentration camps were mainly in the east. Stalin regarded Russian prisoners of war as deserters and traitors anyway, and he was not going to put any effort into saving Jews, although he was not personally anti-Semitic. On the whole, Burleigh concludes, it was better to put the resources into trying to destroy Nazi oil production.

Further questions are raised over the bombing of German cities. Some might argue that Burleigh rather whitewashes the decisions made, but, on the whole, there was a belief that bombing cities was going to shorten the war. Whether that was the case or not is a bit moot, and some of the calculations that it would were, at least, wildly optimistic. But the decisions had to be made based on the information and opinions that were available, not what was actually the case.

The chapters on the invasion and rape of Poland are, for me at least, the most disturbing. The brutality meted out was awful, not just on Jews, but on Poles in general. Some of the other chapters on resistance movements and Churchill’s Special Operations Executive speak of desperate and largely ineffective activities in which usually, civilians bore a large price.

We all know, of course, that World War Two was a brutal, vicious war. The book brings home exactly how brutal and vicious it was, especially on the Russo-German front. How many wargamers, I wonder, deploy NKVD battalions behind their Russian front lines to shoot anyone who runs away? I did wonder what would happen if those battalions were themselves pushed back – did they shoot themselves? All in all, the account of the fighting in Russia and Eastern Europe is enough to give even the most diehard World War Two wargamer pause for thought, I feel.

There are some interesting bits and pieces to chew over as wargamers, even beyond the sheer nastiness of much of the activities. For example, in 1937 Chamberlin diverted the British aircraft industry from building bombers to building fighters. As strategic thought at the time was that the bomber would get through and win the war, this might be thought of as a startling insight. However, it seems that the basis was that four fighters could be built for the price of one bomber. It just so happened that it was the right decision.

Another item of interest that caught my eye is the logistics for Barbarossa. The Germans suffered from chronic logistical problems. Army Group Centre needed 24 train loads per day, and got only 12. Army Group North needed 34 and was lucky if it got 18. Army Group South needed 24 and got 14. The numbers dropped, as well, over the duration of the campaign. This was not, at least solely, due to enemy action. Russian railways and roads were simply not up to the task.

Overall, this is a good but highly disturbing book, which would possibly be more so if I were a World War Two wargamer. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol by some of the leaders and generals was prodigious – apparently, Eisenhower was up to 40 a day just before D-Day. We cannot blame him, the stress of launching the world’s largest amphibious operation was immense, not to mention the knowledge that he was sending thousands of people into harm's way and that many would not come back. Such considerations bore less heavily on the totalitarian leaders, of course, although occasionally some of their subordinates might (briefly) question the casualties that were being taken, and what was being inflicted on civilian populations. On the other hand, for both Germans and Russians not instantly obeying was a ticket to being shot or worse.

As Churchill is reported to have said, the Russo-German war was won by the lesser of two evils. That is not exactly a comforting thought, particularly in light of the last few years and the rise of authoritarian and far-right groups across the world. Now, who has the location of the nearest bunker?

Wargame Bucket Lists

I am not a fan of bucket lists. You know the sorts of thing: ‘I must see Shangri-La before I die.’ Lists of things to do and see before we adjourn to the great cruise ship (or, knowing my luck, the cramped package holiday jet) in the sky. But recently I discovered that I have had a wargame bucket list, and that, so far as I recall, most of the items are ticked off from it.

I am not sure whether this is a good thing or not. After all, popular rumour has it that when all your unpainted soldiers are painted, then the wargamer dies. Presumably, they die happy, insofar as anyone can, but that is a pretty serious end-of-the-road scenario. Perhaps the same applies to bucket lists of armies. I hope not.

Anyway, not being a fan of bucket lists, I have not really been keeping track, but when I posted recently about my Korean fleet it did, eventually, penetrate my tiny mind that the Koreans, and the concomitant Japanese fleet, were ‘bucket list’ items and were in the process of being ticked off. What I mean is that acquiring and using such fleets had been in the back of my mind for years, and was now being done.

That gave me a bit of a pause for thought. Were there any other items, obscure or obvious, that had been on such a list? And the more I pondered the more I suspected that there were. This goes back a long time, of course, to when I was just starting out as a wargamer. I would read, as many wargamers, I suspect, do, the army lists and dream of one day, having this or that army.

Being a skint teenager at the time, reliant for any toy soldiers at all on Christmas and birthday presents, these armies were, and remained, pipe dreams. Of course, being even then a solo wargamer made the possibility of them even more remote – I would need two armies for most of the pipe-dreams, which made it even more expensive and impossible.

At the time I was using, mostly, 15 mm figures. I still have them, badly painted in enamels in a box in the cupboard behind me. I eventually ran to ECW armies, assorted medieval armies (I never quite sorted out what they were), and a few ancient Romans and Picts. Most of these were Peter Laing figures, which have long since, I think, disappeared from the world, although there are a few collectors of them around, I think. I also managed a trip to Minifigs HQ in Southampton and had a few of their ECW infantry.

When I returned to wargaming, space was at a premium, and I decided to go for 6 mm figures instead. I started, naturally, with ECW before branching out into other areas of the world. And this is where I started ticking off some of my bucket list, which had never been articulated or written down, but was just ‘there’.

So, for example, in 15 mm, as a penurious student, I really, really wanted a Polish army of the 17^th Century. You know, the one with the winged hussars. After a bit of messing about in 6 mm, I realised that it was perfectly possible, and they have graced a number of wargames with their presence, along with Muscovite and Ottoman foes.

Similarly, with the advent of DBR, or at least the army lists, my scope and range enlarged. Aztecs and Inca were acquired, although painting the hordes of figures nearly broke me. Indian types with elephants arrived, although I have never quite solved the question of how to represent chained guns and wagon forts in 6 mm (or any other scale, for that matter). As I was running a campaign game of near world wide scope I also had Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Vietnamese, Siamese and Indonesians, all with their elephants and rocket launchers and all the other nice but dangerous looking technology that the early modern period threw up.

I also went back to the ancients and got some of my other teenage years dreams off my chest, as it were. Hoplites were a big thing, and Baccus’ latest hoplites graced my army boxes, although painting all those infantry made my shoulder hurt. Romans, Sarmatians, Persians, and Parthians also arrived, as the blog will attest over the years. The Armies and enemies of Alexander and the Successors came.

Finally, some of the oddities were filled in, most particularly the Hussites. These have to be one of the strangest armies in western history, at least. Not only were they significantly wagon-based, but they were also rather successful, at least until they started fighting themselves. That, of course, is a conundrum that I have yet to solve: how do two wagon-based armies actually fight, rather than just try to stare each other down. Still, the Hussites do have a reasonably important place in the development of western armies, popularising the use of gunpowder.

And so back to the fleets from Korea and Japan. These, as I mentioned, have been on the books for a while but no suitable models were available until recently. Now all I need to do is work out what to do with them and also to start on the Chinese vessels. The Chinese might have abandoned ocean-going vessels, but they still had an inshore navy at the end of the 16^th Century. Plus the fact that Korea has a lot of islands.

So, is that it? That, so far as I recall, is the end of my dreams and aspirations of the last 40 years or so wargaming. I can open the cupboards in the snug (aka the wargames room, but do not tell the Estimable Mrs P that) and pull out every army I have ever thought about wargaming with. More or less, of course. After all, I am still a wargamer, and as we know with figures, more is often, well, more.

Still, am I alone in this? Does anyone else have a wargame bucket list? And, if so, what happened when you finished it? Should I just create another one, or settle down and have some wargames?

The Political Life of Charles I

Those of you who bother watching my Facebook feed, and have good memories, will know that I have been reading this:

Cust, R., Charles I: A Political Life (Harlow, Pearson, 2005).

Given that the original post was on May 1 this year, and I am writing the blog on the UK election day, it has taken me a while. This was, in the Estimable Mrs P’s parlance, my ‘downstairs’ book, which means it kept getting covered with other items, newspapers, periodicals and so on. It is also a fair-sized chunk of book – 474 pages or so, by my reckoning.

I mentioned on the Facebook post that I am not a great fan of Charles I. While, I suspect many people are emotionally in favour of the Royalists, in reality, we would (if we had survived to adulthood) probably have been favouring Parliament. It is, I suppose, a bit like party loyalty – it lasts and lasts as an emotional attachment until your party is just so horrid as to switch your vote.

Anyway, that book, after a bit of an introduction, starts with Charles’ advent into the political scene with sone of James I’s parliaments, where he say, of course, in the House of Lords, in 1621. This was the start of his political education. He was also sworn in as a privy councillor in 1622, and had the benefit of his father’s advice, particularly the Basilicon Doron, originally written for Charles’ older brother, but containing James’ political philosophy and views on how kings should behave.

While we, and many historians, might dismiss this work as a conventional renaissance ‘mirror of princes’ exercise, Charles seems to have taken it seriously. He had a strong sense of duty to God and his people. He believed, more or less, in the Divine Right of Kings, came to dislike Puritans and in religious policy tried to steer the Church of England away from their influence. Charles was also a neo-stoic – he endured all sorts of assaults on his honour and prerogative but was convinced that Providence would vindicate him.

As we know, it all ended in disaster. In fact, given that the problems started at least in the 1629 Parliament and lasted more or less 20 years, we could classify it as a slow-motion train crash. Charles managed to get himself a reputation for duplicity and double-dealing. This was because he had a few things he would not budge on, and so he would only pretend to negotiate over, say, the episcopacy, while also attempting to subvert the agreement by other means. Thus he was dealing, by 1647, with the Scots, the English Presbyterians and the English Independents, hoping that they would sufficiently fall out among themselves to give him an opening.

As, indeed, it happened, as the Scots, more alarmed by the rise of the Independents than of the prospect of a restored Charles who might not be wholly under their control. The advent of the Second Civil War, of course, more or less, cost Charles his head. But even so, as Cust shows, there were still negotiations to be had and a deal was possible, if not probable.

Charles, however, was susceptible to bursts of overconfidence. One of the biggest mistakes militarily he stands accused of is deciding to fight the night before Naseby. This seems to have been decided between Charles and Rupert. Cust suggests that they could have escaped to the safety of Newark. But, possibly, Rupert wished to get at the New Model Army early, before it had settled into a fighting force, and Charles, perhaps overconfident in the abilities of the Royal army, and ill-informed as to the strength and whereabouts of the enemy, agreed.

I suppose that this one could be argued back and forth. Was it necessary for the Royalists to fight at Naseby? Maybe, and maybe not. They would have had to fight sometime, of course, and the New Model infantry, as the battle was to demonstrate at least in part, was a bit fragile. If a retreat to Newark was attempted, they would have to withdraw in the face of Cromwell’s cavalry which might not have been as easy as some commentators have suggested. It would be an interesting question to wargame, however.

Such bursts of overconfidence, intermixed with faulty intelligence, were rather the norm for Charles and his decision making, however. It was rather hard to believe that the country would survive at all without a king, no matter how reduced his powers. The most radical Parliamentary leaders do not seem to have really believed that his execution was even politically possible until November 1648, or thereabouts. Nor did Charles, at least until he was really put on trial for his life.

As is so often the case, the trial veered between farce and tragedy. But Charles, neo-stoic to the end, more or less had decided on martyrdom. In fact, this achieved most of his political ends, by a roundabout route. Not having negotiated away anything more than the concession of 1641 meant that the Restoration monarchy was able to pick up from where that left off, rather than the more limited monarchical powers which could have been agreed later. I suppose it took 1688 to get the Parliamentary system we know, roughly speaking, now.

Anyway, as Cust observes, while the early Stuart state had a good number of difficulties which were never going to be easily resolved, neither Charles’ father, nor is oldest son, would probably have landed up in the pickle Charles created. He was too obstinate and did not know when to agree and when to hold firm. He regarded the Parliamentarian side as being rebels and traitors and believed that to such people a Christian king was not obligated to be honest. It was them who should be on trial, not he.

In a sense, he was right. A fair bit of the Parliamentary junto were, in fact, engaged in activity that could have been regarded as treason, and, to some extent, went into a civil war to cover their tracks. On the other hand, Charles was not above blame for some of the problems and views, particularly of himself and his kingship. It was all rather a mess, a contingent mess, granted, but a mess nevertheless.

The Advent of the Koreans

Patience, they say, is a virtue. It is not one which has been particularly to the fore in my wargaming ‘career’ to date. But, eventually, most things which are of interest are turned into models. I have referred before here to my fleets for the Japanese invasion of Korea in the late Sixteenth Century. A fair few of them have meandered across my painting table and been duly photographed and put away. Some of the pictures have appeared here, partly to catalogue which ship type is which, because the names and types of ship are, to the westerner, downright confusing, to say the least.

Further ships have now meandered across my painting table. These are below.

In my filing system these ships rejoice in the name of ‘bunes’ although that is not, of course, accurate. The ships on the right are seki bune, which medium warships of Japanese origin and design, I think. The larger ones in the middle are ataka bune, large warships. The two masted jobs on the left are kenminsen. These are a bit more slight looking than the warships and they seem to have originated as ships taking envoys to China, and then as merchant ships. Fair enough.

Now, the patience bit. Many moons ago when I was young I collected all sorts of 6 mm soldiers from the early modern period, as the reader of the blog might well be aware. As my reading extended, I acquired ‘Samurai’ armies, that is Japanese armies of the age of war. But men with swords clobbering each other can get a bit dull, and I had heard of the invasion of Korea, so Korean, Ming and Manchu armies were acquired. Well, really, cobbled together from various of Irregular Miniatures 6 mm ranges, reaching from ancients to colonial.

As I recall, a really nice campaign was enjoyed. I had a hex map drawn with coloured pencils, and three Samurai armies invading, against, initially, a single Korean force. This latter was, eventually, reinforced by the Ming and the Manchu, and the Japanese were forced back into defending a town. The final battle was a glorious assault and defence of the said town, after which the invaders surrendered.

At this point the project sort of stalled. Not only was there not much information available on the wars – if you typed ‘Korean War’ into early search engines you got a very different war as results – but I was aware that there was a distinct naval element to it and, nowhere to be found were suitable ships. Nowhere. At any scale.

A few years ago I had another go at the land wargame, recorded as the Citrus Campaign. This too rather petered out. By this time I had got my head around the importance of the naval aspects of the war. The Japanese lost command of the sea early, and never regained it. Through the heroics of Admiral Yi Sunsin and the Korean navy, including the intriguing turtle ships, eventually the Japanese gave up. They were also, it turns out, facing a massive attack from Ming China down the peninsular, and also having to try to deal with a major insurgency crisis.

Imagine, then, the feelings of interest that flowed through the veins of this crusty old wargamer when I discovered that Tumbling Dice had a range of 1:2400 scale Chinese, Korean and Japanese ships. Not only did they exist, but they were the right sort of scale for my activities. My pleasure was only mitigated somewhat by the realisation that ships usually mean having to build stuff, and, as the blog will also testify, I am really not good at building stuff, particularly ships with separate masts.

Still, nothing ventured, nothing gained, and the fleets were duly delivered by Santa. ‘That is ages ago’ I hear you cry, and, indeed, it was. But the Korean fleet is now finished, its assembly and painting having been delayed by the masses of 28+ mm civilians on show recently. But now, in all its glory, the Korean fleet is here.

I can see you are excited. In the middle of the middle line are the turtle ships, flanked by Korean warships of the p’anokson type. To the fore are scoutships, kobaya, which I suspect were originally coastal freighters, although some sources suggest that they were light, swift vessels designed for boarding. To the rear of the seki bune, ataka bune and kenminsen, as already documented.

I am not sure about the inclusion of Japanese types for this navy. It seems reasonable enough, granted. The cultural, trade and diplomatic links between Korean and Japan were, after all, well established. The turtle ships formed the main strike force, backed up by the p’anoksons. The Koreans had developed the use of ship-board cannon, while the Japanese favoured boarding, as just mentioned. While I am about it, I might as well mention that this seems very similar to what was going on in the West at the time, with the Spanish Armada and the English race-built galleons. But I digress.

Anyway, the first phase of the project is now finished. As it happens I am writing this blog in a different room from my usual ‘study’. The reason for this is that my desk upstairs is presently covered by Japanese ships with masts stuck on, which are drying, hopefully vertically. I dare not move them while that process is going on, and therefore have had to alter my own location, rather than risk droopy masts.

After the Japanese fleet, which is, in truth, about half finished, there is a Chinese fleet to consider. This is, in fact, mainly a Song dynasty fleet, but I will live with that. I read the other day about the fleets the Chinese put out in the late 1400s, and how their ships were technologically superior to those of the West at the time, and, indeed, for about another 300 years the Royal Navy only adopted compartmentalisation at the end of the Eighteenth Century. I am considering campaigning beyond Korea, as well. I mean, the Chinese fleets went to the Spice Islands. What if they stayed?

A Punitive Expedition

‘What do you mean, the Romans are coming for us?’

‘They are sending a punitive expedition.’

‘Oh, well. If it is puny we don’t need to worry about it.’

.Not puny, sir, punitive. To punish us.’

‘Punish us? What for?’

‘Um, well, we took Muchado recently, which was claimed by the Galicians.’

‘So? That is perfectly normal.’

‘Yes, sir. Except the Galicians are allied to the Romans, and so the Romans are coming to punish us for attacking their ally.’

‘But the Galicians weren’t allied to the Romans.’

‘No, sir, they were not. But now they are, and so the Romans are coming to punish us for attacking their ally.’

‘To whom they were not allied at the time.’

‘No, sir. This is what passes for logic in international relations…’

*

So, back in Spain with an old scenario, which I played a couple of times with Romans and Dacians. Both times the Romans lost, and I was starting to wonder if I was biased against them. After all, I am on record somewhere as agreeing that the only good Roman is a dead Roman. Still, this is the battle of Temeshvekovar shifted in time and space to northern Spain around 20 BC.

The Romans enter on the road at the bottom left, and their objective is the town on the hill in the far right corner. The playing cards are the Spanish ambushers, in unknown strength at each location – behind hills, woods, and rough going. About one in four cards will disclose a base or two.

When I tried this with the Dacians, they just about managed to defeat the Romans by ambushing on the hill near left, before the Romans got their march column deployed. With this in mind, I modified the Roman tactics, firstly to keep their scouting light horse free from entanglements along the way, and secondly to deploy before the column could be hit by any marauding tribal foot.

A few moves in and the Roman strategy (or is it tactics?) are starting to pay off. The auxilia are proceeding up the nearest hill, to, surprisingly, no opposition at all. The near right-hand rough ground gave two bases of Spanish light horse. I’ve sent the Roman lights on ahead, and am covering the Spanish lights with auxiliary cavalry instead. The Spanish command post on the right-hand front hill is also visible.

A few moves later the Spanish on the hill have been revealed, as have some skirmisher and light horse bases near the stream. The Roman auxiliary cavalry have caught the Spanish light cavalry and are handing out a pummelling, while the legionaries deploy to face the Spanish tribal foot on the hill.

Looking carefully at this position, I realised that, without support, the Spanish on the hill were vulnerable to being surrounded. As Spanish commander, I needed to try to prevent this, and so I revealed the troops across the stream on the Roman right, hoping that they would be more tribal foot and cavalry. Alas not, they were more skirmishers (almost inevitably in a Spanish army, I suppose). The only thing was to beat a hasty retreat from the hill and hope for the best.

The shot shows the Roman foot steadily advancing, while the cavalry from the rear of the column has moved up and is now crossing the road just in front of the legionaries. The auxilia are facing off the annoying skirmishers on the left, while the auxiliary cavalry has seen off the Spanish light horse. One base has rallies under the general and is looking threatening to the withdrawing Spanish, while the other has yet to be issued with orders.

The crunch came when the auxiliary cavalry under the general got onto the flank of the withdrawing Spanish foot and charged. This was one of those messy, swirling combats that occur from time to time using these rules.

In the centre of the picture, you can see the Roman auxiliary cavalry (with the brown disordered markers) which has just routed the tribal foot and skirmishers you can see in front of them. The cavalry have just been hit in the flank by the remaining Spanish tribal foot, however, who managed to get out of the firing line from the charge because their compatriots held out for a turn before routing.

The Roman cavalry was routed in its turn, but the general survived. The newly charged Spanish foot were charged in turn by the lead base of the Roman cavalry which you can see on the left, led by the Roman sub-general. The Spanish tribal foot base was routed, the general was hit, and the Spanish morale went to fall back.

*

At this point, I stopped the game, as the Spanish were clearly losing. I checked which units were where on the other side of the stream, and the Spanish heavy units were too far away to help. For once, the Romans had survived an ambush. I supposed that the Spanish, being now general-less, would decide that defending the village was not worth the spillage of Spanish blood and would withdraw, while the Romans would advance, burn the place, and also go home.

That was an interesting action, I felt. The card deployment for the Spanish kept me guessing, while actually, it did not really do the Spanish any favours. Perhaps I should have concentrated the Spanish, or at least the heavier infantry and cavalry, into fewer cards, which would at least have given them a better chance against the Romans. The sight of a seven-base phalanx of legionaries advancing over the hill did make the Spanish hearts quail a bit.

As the Roman commander, a more circumspect approach paid dividends, although I did start to wonder whether a time limit on the game might have made them hurry up a bit and risk being caught out, although with the Spanish deployment as it was that was not, in fact, terribly likely. But it is all ingredients for the thinking pot, as it were.