I mentioned a week or so ago that
I had spent a lot of time sitting in traffic jams. This is an unfortunate
aspect of modern living, even in relatively sparsely populated parts of the
country, especially while the world is working up to the frenzy of capitalist materialism
we know as ‘Christmas’. To be honest, I think that Christians should ask the
materialists for their festival back, please, but that is probably another
post.
Anyway, having had a fair bit of
time sitting in the car listening to classical music, feeling my nerves fraying
and so on, I did recall an interesting paper I once read about the dynamics of
traffic flows. The hypothesis was, as I recall, that a stream of traffic was
modelled as a liquid which was compressible, but only up to a limit. Working
out the mathematics of this (I do not think I ever understood the details) it
turned out that there could be phase transitions in the flow, so that the
previously flowing liquid became a solid, even though elements of the liquid
were still entering and leaving the block. So it was, sort of, a dynamic solid,
in equilibrium with the surroundings, but there for no readily apparent reason.
In my slightly fraught state, I
also remembered my current struggles in painting classical Indian chariots. As
you probably know, these are fairly large vehicles, with four or six crew per
chariot. The Baccus chariots, for it is they with which I am struggling, for
all the niceness of the model and cleanness of casting, I have really found
difficult to assemble and paint. I am getting there, but having nearly attached
myself to the chariot body with superglue, glued a chariot to my tweezers and
then having to rebase the first batch because at four horses per chariot two
chariots will not fit on a single base, these are never going to be my
favourites.
Be that as it may, I also, while
sitting in the dark on a flyover, with only a load of brake lights to admire, I
recalled an article from many moons ago by Charles Grant in Military Modeller
(just after ‘Battle’ had been forcibly amalgamated, and before MM reverted to
being about military modelling, without wargaming). I think it was a regular
column called ‘On Military Matters…’ or something like that, and it was about
the tactics of using chariots.
The main point I think grant was
trying to make was that chariots could not be lined up hub to hub and charge.
Even over a short distance there would be sufficient roughness to the ground
such that they would have to move around a little bit, and if they were
deployed very close, that would inevitably lead to road traffic accidents. A
pile up of chariots would be very messy even in peacetime. In a battle it would
be disastrous.
Another point Grant made was in manoeuvring.
Chariots need some room to turn. In a ninety degree turn, the ‘outer’ chariot
in the formation has to move a lot further than the ‘inner chariot’, but even
the inner chariot needs some room to move forward so it can turn. Again, the
result of having a load of chariots deployed hub to hub, and then trying to
turn the lot at once would be fairly disastrous.
Again, the model of the vehicles
being a liquid which is compressible, but only to a point, comes to mind. If
the chariots are deployed too close together, they can neither turn nor, in any
sensible manner, advance. They chariot, more or less by its very nature, has do
deploy in a fairly loose formation.
So, then, what was the use of a
chariot? Three possibilities occur. The first is that they were used as a sort
of heavy cavalry and charged the enemy headlong. As noted above, this seems a
little unlikely if they were deployed in close formation, and would presumably
be rather ineffective if a loose formation was adopted.
The second possibility is that of
the chariot as battle transport. This does seem to have happened, as the Iliad
is full of the heroes being driven to the fight, and sometimes their drivers
(as well as the Homeric heroes) meet sticky ends. Homer does like his rather
gruesome deaths of heroic figures. He is, in fact, a rather anti-heroic
fighter. So the chariot as personnel carrier does seem to be a viable model.
The final possibility is that of
the chariot as weapon platform. That is, as with the Indian chariots I am
struggling to paint, the crew are armed with javelins and bows, and use the
relative speed of the chariot to harass the enemy. I suppose the nearest
analogy to this would be light cavalry and, as with the light cavalry, the
chariot can have been rarely decisive. Indeed, I seem to recall that after the
British had decided not to fight the Romans in pitched battles, they dispensed
with everyone except slingers and chariots, and carried out what we might call guerrilla
warfare instead.
The first model is the least
likely to have occurred, of course, except, perhaps in the use of scythed chariots
in the East. So far as I can tell, these were only once really successful, but
I suppose that the commanders were ever hopeful that the circumstances may
recur for their use. This leaves us with the other two models (which are not,
of course, exclusive). The chariot as battlefield transport does seem to have
happened, as both Homer and the Ancient Britons attest. The chariot as weapons
platform is a bit more controversial, the question being whether it was stable
enough to be so used. The answer seems to be that it was. So there are two
possible modes of chariot use.
I guess that what this amounts to
is that the reality of ancient warfare was rather different to our expectations.
I suppose that is almost inevitable. But the point is that ancient warfare was
probably a fairly slow and desultory affair, at least until hand to hand range
was met. Chariots probably could trot around the battlefield loosing off bows
and javelins, and perhaps occasionally stopping for the noble occupant to have
a punch up with one of his opposite numbers.
But the thing is, how do we model
this in our rules. I fear the answer is not terribly well.
This is one of those topics where we can probably never get past speculation and untested theories but I think it is no coincidence the the introduction of cavalry is rapidly followed by the disappearance of chariots as a major arm and decisive battle weapon. That it lingered on in remote areas or as a small number of specialty weapons is not surprising as neither of these things is unique to chariots.
ReplyDeleteIf we look at the armies where the chariots arm was large and critical, armies like the Hittites and early Egyptian armies, there was no cavalry so chariots would have been useful for scouting and messengers etc things where cavalry was quick to take over once horse riding was introduced. Against an enemy of trained close order troops chariot probably had little impact but for a mob of poorly armed and disciplined rebels or tribesmen the reaction to the rapid approach of a squadron of chariots was probably much the same as people in a Spanish street when a bull is let loose or when a modern crowd is charged by mounted police with batons. Sauve qui peut!
As an archery platform, they would carry more arrows than the average foot slogger and would have the mobility to get away when threatened but I doubt they could match the firepower of a mass of foot archers or do enough damage against a block of spearmen to do anything but wear them down by the constant threat and occasional casualty. Once horse archers became available, this role seems to have been dropped (relatively) quickly since the horsemen would have been more mobile, less vulnerable to enemy fire and provide 2 archers for each set of 2 horses and 2 men where the chariot provided only 1.
The later scythed chariots did have at least 2 successes but its easier to understand why few armies adopted them than it is to understand why any did or why as late as the 16thC some people tried to revive a modern version. I put them into the same category as tiny robot anti-tank mines in wwii. A desperate attempt to make up for a lack of proper weapons (or in ancient terms the lack of an adequate number of really solid infantry).
-Ross
I think that the lack of disciplined and trained infantry was a big bonus to the chariot. i imagine that chariots look big, scary and, of course, contain your social superiors, so running away seems like a good option.
DeleteI also started to wonder about the speed of ancient warfare, that it might be an awful lot slower that i imagine. A chariot, even with 4 horses, is not going to get up much speed in a battlefield situation. So maybe the mere threat of a chariot lumbering into motion would be enough to discourage the opposition.
I think Ross' answer is spot-on in reply to your very interesting post. I suspect that as different civilizations developed skills with horse riding and associated technologies (saddles?) then chariots became less useful and less cost-effective.
ReplyDeleteIn general I think phrases like "hub to hub", "wheel to wheel", "boot to boot" are beloved of poets and storytellers for dramatic effect but not very reflective of what happened on battlefields.
BTW, I agree with the sentiment in your first paragraph about Christmas.
I agree that there is often a lot of hyperbole in the accounts. Chariots wheel to wheel would quickly land up in a sorry tangle and the vehicles would only be useful as firewood.
DeleteAs for Christmas, I did suggest to someone that we moved the religious festival sometime more convenient (and warmer).
Third attempt to comment - no idea what happened to first two. Luddite Man strikes again!
ReplyDeleteThinking specifically about 'Celtic' chariots, I suspect that we don't model these particularly well in most wargames rules because the rules tend not to be for the type of 'heroic' warfare that chariots are at their best in.
They are pretty inefficient as weapons platform (could they hit anything from an unsprung moving platform?) or as a battlefield transport (one warrior:one vehicle is a pretty poor delivery ratio) but as a vehicle for showing off, they are ideal. They are the iron age equivalent of the shiny sports car with go-faster stripes, fluffy dice and a bootful of expensive sound equipment - absolutely no practical use, but just the thing to flaunt at other boy racers.
That said, I imagine a line of these coming towards you might put the wind up less steady troops. From the receiving end, they probably appear to be a lot more dangerous than they really are - which is relatively slow, widely spaced and difficult to manoeuvre.
No, I think they are all about show. In a set of rules for heroic warfare, where a handful of psychopaths on each side seek each other out for single combat, like the Red Branch tales or the Iliad, the morale effect of flashy chariot work can be taken into account. When fighting in battle against the Romans, where extravagant showing off would fall on stony ground, the lack of practicality of chariots would soon become obvious. Then they are expensive, slow, unmanoeuvrable light horse.
Mind, I profess to be unconvinced by Caesar's account of the numbers of chariots retained by Cassivelaunus - dodgy Roman counting, if you ask me. I + I = X, X + X = C, and so on.
I suspect that you are right. I'd add the Aztec style Flower Wars for the heroic fighter thing, which is like Homer minus the chariots.Mostly, the Celts, I suspect, used chariots because they hadn't run into a volley of pila yet.
DeleteI think that the Britons used the chariots more when they were indulging in hit and run tactics (hence, the heroic bits) rather than full battle. As for Roman counting, I think most ancient numbers and reporting thereof was a bit dodgy. Most of its seems to me to be on what was (rudely) called the 'mining engineers count' when I was at university, which went "One, Two, Lots...".